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25th Olympic Games: Barcelona 1992

Date: 25 July – 09 August 1992

NOCs (Nations): 169

Athletes: 9,356 (2,704 women, 6,652 men)

Sports: 28

Events: 257

Volunteers: 34,548

Media: 13,082 (5,131 written press, 7,951 broadcasters)

For the first time in 20 years, every nation with a National Olympic Committee was represented. Men’s basketball was open to all professionals, and the US sent a “Dream Team” that included Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan and Larry Bird. Gymnast Vitaly Scherbo won six gold medals, including a record
four in one day. Derartu Tulu of Ethiopia won the 10,000m run to become the first female black African Olympic champion. Her victory lap with silver medallist Meyer, a white South African, symbolized hope for the future of the Olympic Movement.

The 25th Olympic Games was held in Barcelona in 1992 on a larger scale than ever before – with the participation of 10,251 athletes from 172 countries and areas. The Chinese sports delegation, composed of 128 sportsmen and 133 sportswomen, placed fourth in medal standing with 16 golds, 22 silvers
and 16 bronzes – an achievement that was indicative of China’s new progress in many sports. Take swimming for example. While none of the Chinese contestants managed to reach the top eight in this sport at the Seoul Olympics, as many as seven gold medals were won in Barcelona – in the women’s
events by Zhuang Yong in the 100m freestyle with 54.64 as a new Olympic record; Qian Hong in the 100m butterfly with 58.62;

Lin Li in the 200m individual medley with 2:11.65 as a new world record; Yang Wenyi in the 50m freestyle with 24.79 to improve her own world record; Fu Mingxia in the platform and Gao Min in the springboard diving; and in the men’s events by Sun Shuwei in the platform diving. In table tennis, the
men’s doubles, women’s doubles and women’s singles were won by Wang Tao / Lu Lin, Deng Yaping / Qiao Hong and Deng Yaping respectively. As had been promised, IOC President J. A. Samaranch awarded the women’s singles prize to Deng personally. In addition, gold medals were won by Chinese athletes in
shooting, gymnastics, race walking and judo, and silver medals in athletics, weightlifting, badminton and women’s basketball.

(COC Sources)

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Library>China ABC>Sci-Tech

National Programs for Science and Technology

As of the 1980s, China has formulated a series of general programs for scientific and technological R&D, with the strategic aim of improving China’s competitiveness in science and technology in the 21st century. The Key Technologies R&D Program, the 863 Program and the 973 Program have formed the
main body of state programs for science and technology. The Spark and the Torch programs have been important in raising China’s strength in this area.

Key Technologies R&D Program

The Key Technologies R&D Program, launched in 1982, was the biggest scientific and technological program in China of the 20th century. Oriented toward national economic construction, it aims to solve critical, direction-related and comprehensive problems in national economic and social
development, covering agriculture, electronic information, energy resources, transportation, materials, resources exploration, environmental protection, medical and health care, and other fields. This program, engaging tens of thousands of researchers in over 1,000 scientific research institutions
nationwide, has had the largest funding, employed the most people, and had the greatest impact on the national economy of any plan to date.

863 Program

In March 1986, the National Hi-tech R&D Program (863 Program) was launched, after exhaustive examination by scientific experts. The program set 20 themes in biology, space flight, information, laser, automation, energy, new material and oceanography. Government’s role is one of macro-control and
support. The general direction of research is decided by scientists after discussion, and specific projects are decided by an committee of experts, responsible for keeping abreast of international research, and report annually on their own fields, so as to set new research directions. Another
feature of the program is that its results can be quickly industrialized.

973 Program

A national key program for development of basic scientific research, the 973 Program was launched in 1998. It mainly involves multi-disciplinary, comprehensive research on important scientific issues in such fields as agriculture, energy, information, environment of resources, population and
health, and materials, providing theoretical basis and scientific foundation for solving problems. The program encourages outstanding scientists to carry out key basic research in cutting-edge science and important sci-tech issues in fields with a great bearing on economic and social development.
Representing China’s national goals, it aims to provide strong scientific and technological support for significant issues in China’s economic and social development in the 21st century.

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Library>China ABC>Sci-Tech>Modern elites

Theoretical Physicist: Zhou Guangzhao

Zhou Guangzhao (1929- ), native of Changsha City, Hunan Province, is a famous theoretical physicist and CAS academician. He is also Vice Chairman of 9th NPC Standing Committee and chairman of 5th National Committee of China Association for Science and Technology.

Zhou graduated from the Physics Department of Qinghua University in 1951 and received his master’s degree in Theoretical Physics at Beijing University in 1954.

Zhou is pioneer in putting forward theory of spiral amplitude of particle and established relevant mathematical method and advisor to research in detonation physics, radiation hydrodynamics and computing method in mechanics. He contributed to designing theoretically China’s first atomic and
hydrogen bomb.

Zhou served as lecturer of Physics Department of Qinghua University and researcher of Dubra Joint Nuclear Research Institute, Moscow, former USSR in 1957-1960. After 1961, he served as deputy director of Theoretical Department of Nuclear Weapon Research Institute, deputy director and director of
Institute of Theory of Nuclear Weapon, and chief engineer of 9th Bureau of Ministry of Nuclear Industry.

He served as director of Institute of 9th Research Academy of Second Ministry of Machine-Building Industry, and then later worked for the Institute of Theoretical Physics. He became president of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1987-1997, and was elected vice-chairman (1991) and chairman (1996) of
4th and 5th National Committees of China Association for Science and Technology.

After 1993, he served as vice-president of Consultative Committee of Chinese University of Science and Technology; vice-chairman of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; vice-chairman of Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council in 1995-1999; and member of State Leading Group
for Science and Technology, 1996.

He wrote more than 80 theses including Relativistic Theory of Polarized Particle Reaction, Parial Conservation of Axial Current and Reactions of Polarized Particles with Zero Masses.

Zhou was awarded medal in 1999 by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and Central Military Commission for participating in design and making China’s first atomic bomb, Hydrogen bomb and satellite in the 1960s and early 1970s. Asteroid No. 3462 was found in 1996
by CAS astronomers and named after Zhou Guangzhao.

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